The Jews, the World and Money, an Economic History of the Jewish People.
Voor de enen zijn ze het uitverkoren volk, voor de anderen zijn ze de moordenaars van God. De joden hebben in de loop van de geschiedenis niemand onverschillig gelaten. Reeds vanaf het prille begin waren ze het voorwerp van vooroordelen, minachting, jaloezie en xenofobie. Daarin speelde geld een bijzondere rol. In tegenstelling tot andere godsdiensten die hun gelovigen niet toestonden rente uit geldleningen te winnen was dat voor de joden wel toegestaan. (1) Voor joden was het immers wenselijk rijk te zijn terwijl christenen werd aanbevolen arm te blijven. Voor de eersten was het een middel om God beter te dienen en de armen te helpen, voor de anderen was munt slaan uit geld immoreel en moest men zoveel mogelijk aan de kerk geven waardoor het genade opbracht voor de schenker. Over de relatie tussen het joodse volk en de wereld van het geld schreef de Franse auteur Jacques Attali een monumentaal werk onder de titel De joden, de wereld en het geld. Attali is zelf een jood, bankier en voormalig raadgever van de Franse president Mitterand. Zijn boek geeft een gedetailleerd beeld van de ontwikkeling van het joodse volk, de tegenslagen, de successen, de moeilijke verhouding met andere volkeren en vooral met de andere geopenbaarde godsdiensten, tot de oprichting van Israël.
Het boek verhaalt de onderdrukking van het joodse volk van in de Oudheid tot de Holocaust.(2) Het vormt één grote aanklacht tegen intolerantie en de daaruit voortvloeiende misdaden die begaan zijn. Doorgaans door fanatieke christenen en moslims, maar ook door extreme joden zelf zoals bij de moord op Itzhak Rabin in 1995 nadat hij tot een basisakkoord met de Palestijnen was gekomen. Attali tracht de reden voor zoveel haat en geweld te doorgronden en zoekt die in de economische functie die heel wat joden in de loop van de geschiedenis uitoefenden. Vanuit de mogelijkheid die hun religie toestond om geld tegen rente te lenen aan anderen, hadden ze al snel het monopolie over het bankieren. (3) Het bezorgde hen een interessante positie om handel te drijven, nieuwe initiatieven op gang te brengen en welvaart te creëren. Vaak werden ze tot geldlenen en belasting ontvangen gedwongen door de wereldlijke leiders die er hun huurlegers mee financierden. Het maakte hen echter ook impopulair en kwetsbaar voor afgunst en verdachtmaking. Joden werden gelijkgesteld met woekeraars, profiteurs en parasieten die rijk werden op de rug van anderen. (4) En juist omdat de joden, waar ze ook woonden, een eigen culturele en religieuze traditie en een sterk gemeenschapsgevoel in stand hielden, werden ze niet individueel beschuldigd, maar als groep, volk en ras. (5)
Hiermee verlegt Jacques Attali de basisoorzaak voor het antisemitisme van het louter religieuze naar het economische. Het is een betwistbare stelling, maar de monetaire relatie tussen dingen en mensen is alvast een belangrijke reden voor heel wat ongenoegen en misbruiken geweest. (6) Binnen de joodse leer werd geld gebruikt als middel om schade te compenseren. Hiermee stond het moreel verder dan het klassieke principe van oog om oog, tand om tand dat in de Bijbel werd uitgesproken.(7) Een slachtoffer vergoeden voor zijn lijden was een middel om een kettingreactie van represailles te vermijden. (8) Het was een houding die regelrecht inging tegen de andere godsdiensten. Ondermeer tegen de islam die in de zevende eeuw tot bloei kwam. Om de joden beter te kunnen identificeren ging men in het Oosten over tot de verplichting voor joden om speciale kledij te dragen. Het was de eerste stap naar de stigmatisering van een bevolkingsgroep. In het midden van de donkere middeleeuwen waren de joden nog bijna de enigen die van Oost naar West trokken en niet alleen zorgden voor een zekere vorm van handel maar ook voor uitwisseling van ideeën zoals de invoering van het numerieke systeem vanuit de Arabische wereld.
In het eerste millennium verdwenen diverse volkeren in de nevelen van de geschiedenis. Het joodse volk niet. Door hun aanhankelijkheid aan specifieke leefregels, taal, cultuur en voedingsvoorschriften behielden ze hun eigenheid. (9) Met hun koopmansgeest stonden ze aan de wieg van de cheque, de wisselbrief, het papieren geld, de dubbele boekhouding en van de ethiek van het kapitalisme. De joden zorgden weliswaar voor meer handel en welvaart maar ook voor een groeiende afgunst en afkeer vanwege hun schuldeisers. Bij de eerste kruistocht ontsloeg de kerk alle deelnemers van terugbetaling van vroegere leningen. Daarop volgden plunderingen door de kruisvaarders van joodse eigendommen. Toen Godfried van Bouillon Jeruzalem innam dreef hij de duizenden overlevende joden bijeen in een synagoog en stak die dan in brand. (10) Paus Innocentius III verplichtte de joden een merkteken te dragen: een kegelvormig hoofddeksel in de Germaanse landen en een stuk gele stof in de Latijnse landen.
In de 14de eeuw werden in Spanje tienduizenden joden vermoord. Na de herovering van Granada op de moslims in 1492 werden ongelovigen en joden voor de keuze geplaatst: zich bekeren of vertrekken. (11) Het gevolg was een exodus die er toe leidde dat Spanje intellectueel terugviel. Het is opvallend hoe landen die andersdenkenden uitroeiden of uitwezen nadien een economische terugslag kenden. Alleen die landen die een open immigratiepolitiek toepasten en zorgden voor een vreedzame samenleving tussen diverse geloofsovertuigingen slaagden erin te bloeien en meer welvaart te genereren. (12) De onderdrukking van de joden was geen zaak van de West-Europese landen alleen. Ook in Oost-Europa werden de joden vervolgd, opgesloten en vermoord. In 1648 werden 200.000 joden vermoord in Odessa en rond de Krim. (13) In het Westen kregen ze het bevel om in getto’s te wonen, zoals in la Giudecca in Venetië in 1516 en later op bevel van de paus ook in Rome, Ancona en Bologna.
Pas vanaf de 17de eeuw kwamen er tegenstemmen. In zijn Epistola de Tolerantia schrijft John Locke dat religie een privé-aangelegenheid is. Spinoza stelde dat de bijbelse wetten niet van God kwamen maar menselijke teksten zijn die ieder aan zijn eigen geweten moet toetsen. Een eeuw later spoorde Lessing de joden aan om niet langer in getto’s te wonen. Met de Onafhankelijkheidsverklaring in 1776 werden de Verenigde Staten het eerste land waar joden een volledige politieke gelijkheid genieten. Hetzelfde gebeurde na de Franse Revolutie en overal waar Napoleon zegevierde kregen joden dezelfde rechten als anderen. (14) De getto’s werden opengegooid, de merktekens verdwenen en de joden mochten eindelijk alle beroepen uitoefenen. Merkwaardig genoeg ontstond hiermee ook de eerste breuk tussen het orthodoxe judaïsme en de joden die zich assimileren. Ze voelden zich Duitser of Fransman en stonden in de frontlinie van de industriële revolutie. Conform hun ethiek namen de joden initiatieven en stonden aan de basis van grote ondernemingen als ICI, AEG, De Beers, Havas, Reuter, Citroën, Rotschild en tal van andere banken. Ze leenden geld aan staten en werden aldus het doelwit van dezelfde kritieken die hun voorgangers al 2000 jaar lang hadden aanhoord. (15)
Het keerpunt kwam er in de loop van de negentiende eeuw. In zijn kritiek op het kapitalisme en de wereld van het geld haalde Karl Marx, nochtans zelf van joodse afkomst, fel uit tegen de joden. De haat tegen de joden was ditmaal niet louter religieus geïnspireerd maar ook theoretisch, profaan en economisch. In Frankrijk werd de joodse kapitein Dreyfus veroordeeld wegens verraad alhoewel hij onschuldig was. (16) In Wenen werd Karl Lüger de leider van de antisemitische sociaal-christelijke partij. In Rusland verschenen de Protocollen van de Wijzen van Zion, een vervalste tekst die opgesteld zou zijn door wijze joden met de bedoeling ‘over de wereld te heersen en de christenheid te vernietigen’. (17) Er volgden talloze pogroms en het vormde de start van massale emigratie van joden naar Amerika. De golf van antisemitisme, en meerbepaald de Dreyfusaffaire, zette Theodore Herzl aan om de tweeduizendjarige droom van een eigen joodse natie opnieuw leven in te blazen. Joodse pioniers begonnen stukken grond te kopen in Palestina. (18)
En dan volgde die verschrikkelijke 20ste eeuw waarin de joden het opnieuw moesten ontgelden. Ze werden eerst afgemaakt door de vluchtende Witte troepen in Rusland en nadien vervolgd in de Sovjet-Unie onder Stalin. (19) Ze werden verantwoordelijk gesteld voor de economische recessie die volgde op de beurscrash van 1929.(20) De Verenigde Staten begonnen daarop hun deuren te sluiten voor de vluchtende Europese joden. (21) Intellectuelen als Einstein, Arendt, Marcuse en Oppenheimer kwamen er wel nog in maar het drama van de Saint Louis en de schande van de conferentie van Evian blijven in het boek van Attali merkwaardig genoeg onbesproken. (22) Ze probeerden naar Palestina te vluchten maar ook dat werd bemoeilijkt onder Arabische druk. Intussen werden de wetten van Neurenberg afgekondigd, de eerste stap naar de uiteindelijke uitroeiing van 6 miljoen joden in de vernietigingskampen van de nazi’s. (23) Tussendoor namen de nazi’s de Europese joden alles af. Ze moesten betalen om het land te kunnen ontvluchten, later voor de bouw van de muur rond het getto van Warschau en tenslotte voor hun enkele treinreis naar de dood (4 pfennig per kilometer spoor, kinderen aan halve prijs). Sommigen werden nog ingezet als productieve slaven in afdelingen van private bedrijven die zich daarvoor speciaal vestigden in de buurt van de concentratiekampen zoals de IG-Farben en Krupp. Finaal verdwenen ze in de gaskamers van Auschwitz, terwijl de paus in Rome, ondanks zijn kennis over wat gebeurde, zweeg.(24)
De Holocaust sterkte de roep naar een eigen joodse natie en in 1948 kondigde Ben Goerion de wedergeboorte van de staat Israël af met 700.000 inwoners. Hierna volgde een ware uitputtingsslag met de Arabieren die de joden op hun beurt wilden uitroeien. (25) Een strijd die duurt tot vandaag. Het joodse volk telt nu ongeveer 12,5 miljoen personen of 0,2% van de wereldbevolking tegenover 3% tweeduizend jaar geleden. Attali wijst er ook op dat ze 0,5% van de wereldrijkdom bezitten wat meteen elke verdachtmaking over de reusachtige fortuinen in joodse handen ontkracht. (26) Desondanks blijft het antisemitisme bestaan. In Frankrijk en Duitsland worden nog steeds joodse begraafplaatsen vernield en rabbijnen lastig gevallen. In Zwitserland en Japan zijn enkele antisemitische boeken bestsellers. In moslimlanden wordt de haat tegen de joden zelfs met de paplepel meegegeven. (27)
Attali eindigt zijn boek met de problematiek in het Midden-Oosten. Hij wijst erop dat, ondermeer ingevolge de hoge vruchtbaarheidsgraad van de Palestijnen, de Hebreeuwse staat alleen kan overleven door het bestaansrecht van Palestina te erkennen en door Jeruzalem een bijzondere status toe te kennen. Op langere termijn zou het kunnen opgaan in een soort ‘Verenigde Midden-Oosten’ met een eigen parlement en munteenheid en een uitvoerende macht waarin mensen uit verschillende culturen en diverse religies vreedzaam samenleven. Het lijkt een verre en onrealistische droom, maar was dat ook niet zo voor Europa dat gedurende 2000 jaar gebukt ging onder geweld en vandaag een toonbeeld is van samenwerking? “Behalve als het zich in een getto opsluit, zal geen enkel volk iets anders kunnen zijn dan een smeltkroes van rassenvermenging”, zo schrijft Attali.(28) De geschiedenis van het joodse volk toont immers aan tot wat een gruwel xenofobie, intolerantie en het streven naar het ‘zuivere’ kan leiden.(29)
De terroristische aanslagen van Al Quaeda op de WTC-torens (30) , die symbool stonden voor de economische en financiële macht van het Westen, en de Amerikaanse aanval op Afghanistan en Irak dreigen de wereld in een nieuwe mondiale godsdienstoorlog te dompelen.(31) De enen pleiten voor een jihad, de anderen voor een kruistocht. Dit boek komt dan ook op tijd want het laat zien dat oorlog, vervolging en onderdrukking in naam van God geen vrede brengt. We zijn gedoemd om samen te leven of zoals Attali zegt: om te worden gered, heeft ieder mens de ander nodig.
Jacques Attali, De joden, de wereld en het geld, Averbode Ten Have, 2003, 672 blz.
---------------------------
Here is the article, translated into English. ( Helped by Google)
Suddenly some parts of the text appear in smaller print, or in a more bold fashion. I tried to make this better, but it was not succesfull..
The Jews, the world and the money - Author: Jacques Attali.
(Article)
For some, they are the chosen people, for others they are the murderers of God.
The Jews in the course of history leaves no one indifferent. From the very beginning they were the object of prejudice, contempt, jealousy and xenophobia. This money played a special role. Unlike other religions whose believers are not allowed to gain interest on loans was that the Jews allowed. (1) For Jews it was indeed desirable to be rich while Christians were recommended to stay poor. For the first it was a means to serve God better and to help the poor, the others were profiting from immoral money and had to give as much as possible to the church which yielded the mercy of the donor. About the relationship between the Jewish people and the world of money wrote the French author Jacques Attali a monumental work entitled The Jews, the world and the money. Attali is himself a jew, banker and former advisor to French President Mitterand. His book gives a detailed picture of the development of the Jewish people, the setbacks, the successes, the difficult relationship with other nations and especially with the other revealed religions, to the creation of Israel.
The book recounts the oppression of the Jewish people in antiquity to the Holocaust. (2) It is a major indictment against intolerance and the resulting crimes committed. Usually by fanatical Christians and Muslims, but also by Jews themselves as extreme in the murder of Itzhak Rabin in 1995 after he had come to a basic agreement with the Palestinians. Attali seeks the reason for so much hatred and violence and seeks to understand the economic role that many Jews in the course of history exercised. From the possibility that their religion is allowed to lend money at interest to others, they soon had a monopoly over the banking. (3) It gave them an interesting position to trade, to launch new initiatives and prosperity. Often they were to lend money and collect tax enforced, by the secular leaders who make them finance mercenary armies. It made them unpopular and also vulnerable to envy and suspicion. Jews were equated with usurers, profiteers and parasites who became rich on the backs of others.(4) And precisely because the Jews wherever they lived, had their own cultural and religious tradition and a strong sense of community persisted, they were not charged individually but as a group, nation and race. (5)
Here Jacques Attali pushes the root cause of anti-Semitism of the purely religious to economic. It is a debatable proposition, but the monetary relationship between things and people is already a major reason for dissatisfaction and abuses there have been many.(6)
Within Judaism, money was used as a means to compensate for damage. This was the moral principle beyond the classic 'eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth' that was spoken in the Bible. (7) Compensate a victim for his suffering was a means to avoid a chain reaction of retaliation. (8) It was an attitude that went directly against the other religions. Including against Islam , which in the seventh century flourished. To better identify the Jews, people in the East made the obligation for Jews to wear special clothing. It was the first step toward a stigmatized population. In the middle of the Dark Ages, the Jews were almost the only people who moved from East to West, they not only ensured a degree of trade but also for exchange of ideas such as the introduction of the numerical system from the Arab world.
In the first millennium, several people lost in the mists of history. The Jewish people, by their adherence to specific rules of life, language, culture and food regulations retain their individuality. (9) Their business sense they stood at the cradle of the check, the bill, paper money, the double accounting and the ethics of capitalism. Although the Jews led to increased trade and prosperity but also a growing envy and distaste for their creditors. In the first Crusade sacked the church, all members of the repayment of previous loans. Followed by the looting of Jewish property by the Crusaders. When Godfrey of Bouillon took Jerusalem, he drove the thousands of Jewish survivors gathered in a synagogue and then put it on fire. (10) Pope Innocent III forced the Jews to wear a mark: a conical hat in the Germanic countries, and a piece of yellow cloth in the Latin countries.
In the 14th century in Spain, tens of thousands of Jews were murdered. After the reconquest of Granada from the Muslims, infidels and Jews in 1492 were given a choice: convert or leave.(11) The result was an exodus that led to Spain's fall, intellectually. It is striking how countries that excile people who think differently, often have an economic downturn, afterwards. Only those countries with an open immigration policy applied and who maintain a peaceful coexistence between different faiths were able to thrive and generate more wealth. (12) The oppression of the Jews was not a matter for the Western European countries only. In Eastern Europe the Jews were persecuted, imprisoned and murdered. In 1648, 200,000 Jews were killed in Odessa and around the Crimea.(13) In the West they were ordered to live in ghettos, as in La Giudecca in Venice in 1516 and later ordered by the Pope in Rome, Ancona and Bologna.
Only since the 17th century there were voices against this. In his Epistola de tolerantia John Locke wrote that religion is a private matter. Spinoza argued that the biblical laws of God were only human texts, for each person to his own conscience to test. A century later, Lessing urged the Jews to cease to live in ghettos. With the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the United States became the first country where Jews enjoy full political equality. The same happened after the French Revolution and everywhere where Napoleon triumphed Jews got the same rights as others. (14) The ghettos were thrown open, the marks disappeared and the Jews were finally allowed to all occupations. Curiously this was also the first split between orthodox Judaism and the Jews who chose assimilation. They felt German or French and were in the forefront of the industrial revolution. In accord to their ethics the Jews had initiatives and stood at the base of large companies such as ICI, AEG, De Beers, Havas, Reuter, Citroen, Rothschild and many other banks. They lent money to states and thus became the target of the same criticisms that their predecessors had been listened to 2000 years. (15)
The turning point came during the nineteenth century. In his critique of capitalism and the world of money, Karl Marx, himself of Jewish origin, however, strongly criticised the Jews. The hatred against the Jews was this time not only religiously inspired, but also secular and economically. In France, the Jewish Captain Dreyfus convicted of treason even though he was innocent. (16) In Vienna, Karl Luger was the leader of the anti-Semitic Christian Social Party. In Russia published the Protocols of the Elders of Zion were published, a forged text that was supposedly prepared by Jews with the intention "to rule the world and to destroy Christianity."(17) There were numerous pogroms and this marked the start of mass emigration of Jews to America. The wave of anti-Semitism, and particularly the Dreyfus affair: Theodore Herzl turned the two thousand year old dream of a Jewish nation back to life. Jewish pioneers began to buy land in Palestine.(18)
And then came the terrible 20th century when the Jews were again targeted. They were first killed by the fleeing White Russian troops, and later persecuted in the Soviet Union under Stalin. (19) They were held responsible for the economic recession that followed the stock market crash of 1929.(20) The United States then began to close their doors to Jews fleeing Europe. (21) Intellectuals such as Einstein, Arendt, Marcuse and Oppenheimer were allowed in. The drama of the Saint Louis and the shame of the Evian Conference remain remarkably undiscussed in Attali's book. (22)They tried to flee to Palestine but that was complicated by Arab pressure. Meanwhile, the Nuremberg Laws promulgated, the first step towards the eventual extermination of 6 million Jews in the extermination camps of the Nazis. In between the Nazis took everything the European Jews. (23)
They had to pay in order to flee the country, later to build the wall around the Warsaw Ghetto and finally for some train to their death (4 penny per kilometer of track, children half price). Some were even used as slaves in productive departments of private companies that are specially settled near the concentration camps such as IG Farben and Krupp. Finally disappeared in the Auschwitz gas chambers, while the pope in Rome, despite his knowledge of what happened, said nothing. (24)
The Holocaust strengthened the call for a Jewish nation in 1948 and Ben-Gurion announced the rebirth of Israel with 700,000 inhabitants. This was followed by a true fight with the Arabs who wanted to exterminate Jews in their turn.(25) A battle that lasts until today. The Jewish people now has approximately 12.5 million people or 0.2% compared to 3% of the world two thousand years ago. Attali also points out that they are 0.5% of world wealth, which immediately have any suspicion about the huge fortunes in Jewish hands invalidated.(26) Nevertheless, the anti-Semitism stays there. In France and Germany are still being destroyed Jewish cemeteries and rabbis harassed. In Switzerland and Japan are some anti-Semitic books bestsellers. In Muslim countries the hatred of the Jews even with mother passed.(27)
Attali concludes his book with the issue in the Middle East. He points out that, partly due to the high fertility rate of Palestinians, the Hebrew state can only survive by the existence of Palestine and Jerusalem, to recognize a special status to them. In the longer term it could merge into a kind of United Middle East 'with its own parliament and currency and an executive which people from different cultures and different religions live together peacefully. It seems a distant and unrealistic dream, but it was not so for Europe for 2000 years was suffering violence and today is a paragon of cooperation? "Unless it's in a ghetto confines, no nation will be something other than a melting pot of miscegenation," Attali writes. (28) The history of the Jewish people after shows to what an abomination to xenophobia, intolerance and the pursuit of "pure" lead. (29)
The Al Qaeda terrorist attacks on the WTC towers (30) that symbolized the economic and financial power of the West, and the American attack on Afghanistan and Iraq threatening the world in a new global religious war dipping. (31) With some calling for a jihad, a crusade for the others. This book is therefore timely because it shows that war, persecution and oppression in the name of God, no peace. We are doomed to live together or as Attali says, to be saved, each man needs the other.
(Article)
For some, they are the chosen people, for others they are the murderers of God.
The Jews in the course of history leaves no one indifferent. From the very beginning they were the object of prejudice, contempt, jealousy and xenophobia. This money played a special role. Unlike other religions whose believers are not allowed to gain interest on loans was that the Jews allowed. (1) For Jews it was indeed desirable to be rich while Christians were recommended to stay poor. For the first it was a means to serve God better and to help the poor, the others were profiting from immoral money and had to give as much as possible to the church which yielded the mercy of the donor. About the relationship between the Jewish people and the world of money wrote the French author Jacques Attali a monumental work entitled The Jews, the world and the money. Attali is himself a jew, banker and former advisor to French President Mitterand. His book gives a detailed picture of the development of the Jewish people, the setbacks, the successes, the difficult relationship with other nations and especially with the other revealed religions, to the creation of Israel.
The book recounts the oppression of the Jewish people in antiquity to the Holocaust. (2) It is a major indictment against intolerance and the resulting crimes committed. Usually by fanatical Christians and Muslims, but also by Jews themselves as extreme in the murder of Itzhak Rabin in 1995 after he had come to a basic agreement with the Palestinians. Attali seeks the reason for so much hatred and violence and seeks to understand the economic role that many Jews in the course of history exercised. From the possibility that their religion is allowed to lend money at interest to others, they soon had a monopoly over the banking. (3) It gave them an interesting position to trade, to launch new initiatives and prosperity. Often they were to lend money and collect tax enforced, by the secular leaders who make them finance mercenary armies. It made them unpopular and also vulnerable to envy and suspicion. Jews were equated with usurers, profiteers and parasites who became rich on the backs of others.(4) And precisely because the Jews wherever they lived, had their own cultural and religious tradition and a strong sense of community persisted, they were not charged individually but as a group, nation and race. (5)
Here Jacques Attali pushes the root cause of anti-Semitism of the purely religious to economic. It is a debatable proposition, but the monetary relationship between things and people is already a major reason for dissatisfaction and abuses there have been many.(6)
Within Judaism, money was used as a means to compensate for damage. This was the moral principle beyond the classic 'eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth' that was spoken in the Bible. (7) Compensate a victim for his suffering was a means to avoid a chain reaction of retaliation. (8) It was an attitude that went directly against the other religions. Including against Islam , which in the seventh century flourished. To better identify the Jews, people in the East made the obligation for Jews to wear special clothing. It was the first step toward a stigmatized population. In the middle of the Dark Ages, the Jews were almost the only people who moved from East to West, they not only ensured a degree of trade but also for exchange of ideas such as the introduction of the numerical system from the Arab world.
In the first millennium, several people lost in the mists of history. The Jewish people, by their adherence to specific rules of life, language, culture and food regulations retain their individuality. (9) Their business sense they stood at the cradle of the check, the bill, paper money, the double accounting and the ethics of capitalism. Although the Jews led to increased trade and prosperity but also a growing envy and distaste for their creditors. In the first Crusade sacked the church, all members of the repayment of previous loans. Followed by the looting of Jewish property by the Crusaders. When Godfrey of Bouillon took Jerusalem, he drove the thousands of Jewish survivors gathered in a synagogue and then put it on fire. (10) Pope Innocent III forced the Jews to wear a mark: a conical hat in the Germanic countries, and a piece of yellow cloth in the Latin countries.
In the 14th century in Spain, tens of thousands of Jews were murdered. After the reconquest of Granada from the Muslims, infidels and Jews in 1492 were given a choice: convert or leave.(11) The result was an exodus that led to Spain's fall, intellectually. It is striking how countries that excile people who think differently, often have an economic downturn, afterwards. Only those countries with an open immigration policy applied and who maintain a peaceful coexistence between different faiths were able to thrive and generate more wealth. (12) The oppression of the Jews was not a matter for the Western European countries only. In Eastern Europe the Jews were persecuted, imprisoned and murdered. In 1648, 200,000 Jews were killed in Odessa and around the Crimea.(13) In the West they were ordered to live in ghettos, as in La Giudecca in Venice in 1516 and later ordered by the Pope in Rome, Ancona and Bologna.
Only since the 17th century there were voices against this. In his Epistola de tolerantia John Locke wrote that religion is a private matter. Spinoza argued that the biblical laws of God were only human texts, for each person to his own conscience to test. A century later, Lessing urged the Jews to cease to live in ghettos. With the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the United States became the first country where Jews enjoy full political equality. The same happened after the French Revolution and everywhere where Napoleon triumphed Jews got the same rights as others. (14) The ghettos were thrown open, the marks disappeared and the Jews were finally allowed to all occupations. Curiously this was also the first split between orthodox Judaism and the Jews who chose assimilation. They felt German or French and were in the forefront of the industrial revolution. In accord to their ethics the Jews had initiatives and stood at the base of large companies such as ICI, AEG, De Beers, Havas, Reuter, Citroen, Rothschild and many other banks. They lent money to states and thus became the target of the same criticisms that their predecessors had been listened to 2000 years. (15)
The turning point came during the nineteenth century. In his critique of capitalism and the world of money, Karl Marx, himself of Jewish origin, however, strongly criticised the Jews. The hatred against the Jews was this time not only religiously inspired, but also secular and economically. In France, the Jewish Captain Dreyfus convicted of treason even though he was innocent. (16) In Vienna, Karl Luger was the leader of the anti-Semitic Christian Social Party. In Russia published the Protocols of the Elders of Zion were published, a forged text that was supposedly prepared by Jews with the intention "to rule the world and to destroy Christianity."(17) There were numerous pogroms and this marked the start of mass emigration of Jews to America. The wave of anti-Semitism, and particularly the Dreyfus affair: Theodore Herzl turned the two thousand year old dream of a Jewish nation back to life. Jewish pioneers began to buy land in Palestine.(18)
And then came the terrible 20th century when the Jews were again targeted. They were first killed by the fleeing White Russian troops, and later persecuted in the Soviet Union under Stalin. (19) They were held responsible for the economic recession that followed the stock market crash of 1929.(20) The United States then began to close their doors to Jews fleeing Europe. (21) Intellectuals such as Einstein, Arendt, Marcuse and Oppenheimer were allowed in. The drama of the Saint Louis and the shame of the Evian Conference remain remarkably undiscussed in Attali's book. (22)They tried to flee to Palestine but that was complicated by Arab pressure. Meanwhile, the Nuremberg Laws promulgated, the first step towards the eventual extermination of 6 million Jews in the extermination camps of the Nazis. In between the Nazis took everything the European Jews. (23)
They had to pay in order to flee the country, later to build the wall around the Warsaw Ghetto and finally for some train to their death (4 penny per kilometer of track, children half price). Some were even used as slaves in productive departments of private companies that are specially settled near the concentration camps such as IG Farben and Krupp. Finally disappeared in the Auschwitz gas chambers, while the pope in Rome, despite his knowledge of what happened, said nothing. (24)
The Holocaust strengthened the call for a Jewish nation in 1948 and Ben-Gurion announced the rebirth of Israel with 700,000 inhabitants. This was followed by a true fight with the Arabs who wanted to exterminate Jews in their turn.(25) A battle that lasts until today. The Jewish people now has approximately 12.5 million people or 0.2% compared to 3% of the world two thousand years ago. Attali also points out that they are 0.5% of world wealth, which immediately have any suspicion about the huge fortunes in Jewish hands invalidated.(26) Nevertheless, the anti-Semitism stays there. In France and Germany are still being destroyed Jewish cemeteries and rabbis harassed. In Switzerland and Japan are some anti-Semitic books bestsellers. In Muslim countries the hatred of the Jews even with mother passed.(27)
Attali concludes his book with the issue in the Middle East. He points out that, partly due to the high fertility rate of Palestinians, the Hebrew state can only survive by the existence of Palestine and Jerusalem, to recognize a special status to them. In the longer term it could merge into a kind of United Middle East 'with its own parliament and currency and an executive which people from different cultures and different religions live together peacefully. It seems a distant and unrealistic dream, but it was not so for Europe for 2000 years was suffering violence and today is a paragon of cooperation? "Unless it's in a ghetto confines, no nation will be something other than a melting pot of miscegenation," Attali writes. (28) The history of the Jewish people after shows to what an abomination to xenophobia, intolerance and the pursuit of "pure" lead. (29)
The Al Qaeda terrorist attacks on the WTC towers (30) that symbolized the economic and financial power of the West, and the American attack on Afghanistan and Iraq threatening the world in a new global religious war dipping. (31) With some calling for a jihad, a crusade for the others. This book is therefore timely because it shows that war, persecution and oppression in the name of God, no peace. We are doomed to live together or as Attali says, to be saved, each man needs the other.
Jacques Attali, the Jews, the world and the money, Averbode Ten Have, 2003, 672 p
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Some remarks:
(1) Wrong. Jews are not allowed to ask interest on loans. Well, not versus other jews. But they are allowed to do this detremental behavior towards non-jews. Could that be a possible reasoin for hatred towards them ? See: Israel Shahak: Jewish History, Jewish religion.
(2) Een volk dat zich in andermans gebied vestigt kan verwachten dat het wordt onderdrukt. Is dat verwijtbaar? Moeten we gasten/immigranten dan gelijk stellen aan de autochtone bevolking? Dan heeft geen enkel volk nog een eigen thuis, en is alles evenveel van iedereen.
Opmerkelijk: joden gedragen zich, hoewel ze immigrant/allochtoon zijn, vaak barbaars t.o.v. de oorspronkelijke bevolking. Voorbeelden: Perzië (Mordechai, Esther), Polen ( Arendar systeem), Israel ( palestina).
(3) Ze hebben het Fractional Reserve systeem bedacht: ze creëerden geld uit het niets en vroegen daar rente voor. Een manier om anderen hard te laten werken en zelf niets te doen. ( Blog 92)
(4) Correct. Joden hebben altijd de macht opgezocht en daarmee in symbiose gewerkt. De bevolking was daarvan de dupe. Die moest het gelag betalen. Zo ging het 2000 jaar geleden, zo gaat het nu. Nu zìjn ze 'the government'.
( Go to page 63) ( Inside job)
(5) Groups have strategies to survive. ( At least those groups that did survive, have.)
For the jews it is by way of selection for high intelligence and mild schizophrenia. Succesfull Talmud-students have the privilige to marry the daughters of rich men, so their offspring will survive better because of better food and protection.
The mild schizofrenia is also present, as Jews always advocate principles that for some mysterious reason do not hold for themselves or for Israel. ( All people are equal.... Immigration is good .... discriminatiopn is bad..... terrorisme is illigeal .... etc.etc.)
If you want to 'breed ' an intelligent race, you cannot mix wth other races. Hence all these parts of the jewish culture that prevent mixing and assimilation: kosher food, remarkable clothing and hair, creation of antisemitism ( Part V and VI ).
(6) Goyim have always had reasons enough to be angry to jewish people because of jewish economic terrorism. The 'killing of Jesus' argument was just an alibi. ( Not for the very religious people though).
(7) Wrong. An eye for an eye is from the Old Testament. So it is part of the Torah.
Christians changed this principle in the New Testament: " If someone hist your left cheek, offer him the other cheek." ( Als iemand je op de wang slaat, bied hem dan ook de andere wang aan.")
(Lucas 6:29. )
Those who have to deal with the Jews can only hope for 'An eye for an eye". On average one jewish death is wrecked by the killing of 100 goyim. In Arendar Poland, as well as in Gaza.
(8) Attali seems to give a positive explanation for the high value that the Jews attach to money.
The millions of victims of the terrorist bankers will have difficulty to appreciate that. (Max Kaiser)
(9) As argued in (5) the jews have an evolutionary strategy, not only to survive, but most probably to become the masters of all other people. This is written in their Holy Book. ( Blog 24)
Evolutionary Psychologist Kevin MacDonald wrote 3 books about this subject.
(10) Not very nice of Godfried. Attali did not mention the onslaught of Mamilla Pool, I suppose, where jews killes between 60.000 and 90.000 Christians.
(11) The jews had invited the moors into Spain, as Benjamin Disraeli wrote.( ‘Coningsby” op pag 326 en 327). Then they were asked to leave, and some of those that did not leave, were killed. That is the order of the events. Attali tells of jewish victimhood. But were they victims, or were they the perpetraters ?
(12) A country that imports intelligent people, knowledge, money and en entrepreneurship will benefit from that. Medieval Jews brought these assets.
(Lucas 6:29. )
Those who have to deal with the Jews can only hope for 'An eye for an eye". On average one jewish death is wrecked by the killing of 100 goyim. In Arendar Poland, as well as in Gaza.
(8) Attali seems to give a positive explanation for the high value that the Jews attach to money.
The millions of victims of the terrorist bankers will have difficulty to appreciate that. (Max Kaiser)
(9) As argued in (5) the jews have an evolutionary strategy, not only to survive, but most probably to become the masters of all other people. This is written in their Holy Book. ( Blog 24)
Evolutionary Psychologist Kevin MacDonald wrote 3 books about this subject.
(10) Not very nice of Godfried. Attali did not mention the onslaught of Mamilla Pool, I suppose, where jews killes between 60.000 and 90.000 Christians.
(11) The jews had invited the moors into Spain, as Benjamin Disraeli wrote.( ‘Coningsby” op pag 326 en 327). Then they were asked to leave, and some of those that did not leave, were killed. That is the order of the events. Attali tells of jewish victimhood. But were they victims, or were they the perpetraters ?
(12) A country that imports intelligent people, knowledge, money and en entrepreneurship will benefit from that. Medieval Jews brought these assets.
But the hispanics in the USA and the muslims that came to Europe in the last decennia did not bring these assets. And so they did not bring economic progress. ( except for the very rich, as wages went down). What they brought was internal division. That is precisely why the pro-immigration movement in the USA was always led by Jews: to divide the country, dilute the hegemony of the WASP's and eventually take over power in the States. This project is now succesfully finished.
The same was done with Europe: in only a few decades Europe became hopelessly multi-ethnic. Thanks to the Frankfurter School intellectuals who were able to take over academia and the media.
They proclaimed everyone who questioned unlimited immigration to be a potential Auschwitz-killer.
Those wise people who foresaw the ethnic strive that we are in now, were ostracised. Their careers ( in politics, academics or the media) were over.
(13) The way that the jews treated the Polish and Ukraïnian people was the reason for the uprising, as also Jewish writers ( Nathan ben Moses Hannover, Jacopb Katz) and others ( Graetz) explained. Rabbi's had warned for this to happen. ( Part II)
(14) Quite a few authors say that most of these Revolutions ( England, France etc.) were initiated and coordinated by jews. Not the least of them are: Benjamin Disraeli ( of jewish descent and a 'fan' of the jews, prime minister of England) See: Lord Bentinck, pag 324. Historian Sir Walter Scott, and MP Archibald Maule, Nesta Webster.
Of course this part of History has vanished. We now have a history that is more convenient to the jews.
Of course this part of History has vanished. We now have a history that is more convenient to the jews.
(15) The best bussiness is to lend money tot a government, as a country can never disappear. There is always a way to get compensation if the loan cannot be paid back. And the nice thing is: Lending money to a government gives the bank power over this government.
When the moneylenders installed the first Central bank in England it was to the comfort of the King, but the brittish people had to work like slaves in the decennia to come to pay the bankers the interest on money that the bankers never even posessed. ( Go to page 63)
(16) The Dreyfuss Affair is used as an example of anti-semitism. This shows the uninformedness of Attali and Verhofstadt. When Dreyfuss was rehabilitated it became known that he was falsely accused by a Rothschild agent ( Count Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy) in order to create animosity between Germany and France. The increasing cooperation between France and Germany had been a threat to England and the Rothschild interests. ( Engdahl 2004, pag31.)
(17) Two Jewish intellectuals, Gilad Atzmon and Yaov Shamir have a different opinion about these Protocols. Gilad Atzmon: “Yaov Shamir realises that if Abe Foxman and the ADL can guarantee a free pass to the American corridors of power, then the ‘anti Semitic’ message explored by the ‘Protocols of the Elders Of Zion’ is rather relevant and should be discussed in the open.”
(18) It is not sure what was the main driving force in Herzl's mind. In any case, Herzl knew that anti-semitism was necessary for his dream to come true. ( Part V, third allinea)
(19) De echte Russen werden door de Roden op de vlucht gejaagd. Die Witten wisten heel goed dat de Roden in feite deel namen aan een joodse greep naar de macht in hun eigen Rusland. Als de Turkse allochtonen ons Nederlanders het land uit zouden jagen, zouden we misschien ook wel wraak nemen op Turken die we op onze vlucht tegen kwamen. Dàt het een joodse staatsgreep was is dan wel uit alle geschioedenisboekjes geschrapt, maar dat verandert niets aan de feiten. Er zijn vele getuigenissen.
Laat ik twee bekende filosemieten als getuige nemen: Bertrand Russell en Winston Churchill. ( Citaat 4)
(20) As the Great Depression was the result of unusual financial measures ( 'cheap money' followed by a huge withdrawal of money from the money-supply) and as the depression was wrongly handled ( See Milton Freedman) which 'mistake' made some big capitalists very rich, I am not surprised that even then the jews were blamed for the depression. But I never heard this before. ( Cf: Greenspan, Summers and Rubin did all that was in their power to create the financial crisis that we are in now: de-regulation, very cheap money etc. Goldman Sachs thrives like never before... soon their friends will buy Greece for pennies on the dollar. ( Inside job.)(Max Kaiser) Max Kaiser thinks that after Greece a lot of other countries may go broke and be sold to the bankers friends, or better: those who own and control the banks. Remember Carroll Quigley. (citation 20).
(21) Wrong. The Immigration Act that restricted immigration dated from 1924, long before Nazi Germany existed.
(22). The Dominican Republic always had his doors and harbor open for 100.000 German-jewish immigrants, but only 800 of them came.
(23) Attali and Verhofstadt forget to compare the Nuremberg laws to the present Israeli law.
Hard core Zionists were very happy with the Nuremberg laws, they welcomed them. Nobody then saw the holocaust coming.
(24) Here is a one hour video of a jewish man searching for the famous Auschwitz gas-chambers.
He wants to know what really happenend. For that he will soon end in jail, I am afraid. ( More)
(25) Wacht even mijnheer Verhofstadt. Bedoelt U dat Attali niets schrijft over het volk dat reeds in Palestina woonde, in 1948 ? En over de tactiek die de joden gebruikten om dit volk te verdrijven? Schrijft hij niets over Ilan Pappé, en over Livia Rkoach ? Dat kan toch niet waar zijn !
(26) Geeft Attali een onderbouwing, of beweert hij dit alleen maar ?
(27) Het heeft toch iets onlogisch: een volk dat, overal waar het gaat wonen, na verloop van tijd wordt gehaat, terwijl het volledig onschuldig is.
Als je op zoek bent naar hoe dat precies zit, zoals ik dat ben, dan eindig je met een blog zoals de mijne.
(28) Attali sluit zich aan bij de lange rij van joodse 'deskundigen' die zegt dat de vermenging van volken en rassen onontkoombaar is. Wie daar minder blij mee is, werd als 'fascist' ( Adorno's F-scale ) gebrandmerkt. Maar wat doen de joden zelf: elke jood die een niet-joodse huwt wordt uitgestoten. Israel neemt nauwelijks vluchtelingen op, laat geen massa-immigratie toe om 'de volken te vermengen' en gaat zelfs zo ver de Palestijnen die daar geboren zijn, maar gevlucht na Deir Yassin, niet meer toe te laten. Dat is andere koek ! (Duke )
(29) De geschiedenis van Israël sinds 1948 toont dat inderdaad aan.
(30) A lot has changed since Attali wrote this book. To simply believe that Al Qaida did 911 is now obsolete among those who study the events. (Griffin) ( Gage) )( Sabrowski)
(31) Een godsdienstoorlog? Als dat zo is, dan zijn het oorlogen die voortkomen uit de joodse godsdienst, uit hun geloof dat het einde der tijden pas kan komen als Israel de rest van de wereld overheerst. ( Blog 92)
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Extra Information:
Milton Friedman once made a speech named 'Capitalism and the Jews.' (Speech) ( written) ( Gilad Atzmon)
Jerry Z. Muller: "Capitalism and the Jews." ( Amazon) ( abstract)
Review of part 2 of Mullers book: ( Brenton Sanderson)
Review of part 3 of Mullers book: ( Brenton Sanderson)
Review of part 4 of Mullers book: ( Brenton Sanderson)
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