Several authors (*) are convinced that the wealth that is to be found in the eastern province of Congo ( former Zaïre ) is stolen by the Power Elite's companies, because there is almost no central government for 20 years now. During the Mobutu era it was probably given away by Mobutu, who was getting the huge bribes.
My favorite author is Keith Harmon Snow, a photographer of nature, but also an author of political articles . He lived in the area for many years. He saw what only people who understand the ' big picture' notice.
Snow shows us that Museveni (Uganda) and Kagame ( Rwanda) are ruthless killers, but they are cooperating with the Western Power Elite and are supported by them ( financially, weapons, media).
It is 20 years ago that the Rwandan genocide happened.
Did the Hutu's kill the Tutsi's? Yes, they did.
Snow shows us that Kagame provoked the genocide.
No. The Tutsi's that had fled Rwanda in 1960 considered the 'stay behind' Tutsi's as traitors.
The genocide on the Tutsi's made it possible for Kagame to pose as the representant of the victims.
2) The second article is also informative.
It shows how the Western financial 'helpers of Mankind' ( IFI's) controled Rwanda and made it suffer.
The author has another perspective: he says that these IFI's should have prevented the genocide by forbidding the purchasing of weapons by the Hutu government.
That is not how I look at it. Kagame startted to attack Rwanda in 1990. He was financed by the Power Elite. Is it not quite understandable that the Hutu's began to buy weapons, just to protect themselves against the attackers?
(*) Professor Philip Reyntjes, for instance. Here is some info: (
Every year in the first week of April Western media venues are flooded with stories that begin with statements about the anniversary of the Rwandan genocide, “where at least 800,000 ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus died at the hands of Hutu extremists.”
Such stories recount the official narrative about the ‘Genocide in Rwanda’,a narrative that has five or six key elements that have been almost canonized and are repeated robotically by Western English-speaking news consumers from all walks of life, economic classes, and political leanings.
1. At least 800,000 people killed;
2. Mostly ethnic Tutsis and moderate Hutus;
3. Slaughtered with machetes (and picks, hoes, adzes, other crude tools);
4. It was meaningless tribal savagery;
5. Committed by Hutu extremists;
6. In 100 days of genocide;
7. We (Westerners) were ‘bystanders’ and did nothing.
These jingoistic phrases have been systematically cemented into the minds of Westerners through more than 20 years of insidious Western media propaganda, including the printed word, radio programs, still photographs, video and film, and they are generally reproduced ad nauseum by emergent ‘social’ media.
There is little truth to the official narrative.
‘Tutsis as victims, Hutus as oppressors?’
Twenty years after the pivotal events of 1994, it is time that Western media ‘news’ consumers – scholars, peace workers, academics, clergy, politicians, humanitarian aid workers, everyone – took responsibility for their own participation in the ‘Rwanda Genocide’ hysteria or, as it is, industry.
Let’s set the stage for the so-called ‘100 days of Genocide’ that purportedly began April 6, 1994, and purportedly ended July 15, 1994, in Rwanda. We can offer some critical facts that anyone who wants to mourn and sob about life and death in Rwanda ought to understand before they open their mouths and display sheer ignorance.
To begin with, ‘Hutu’ and ‘Tutsi’ are socio-economic and socio-political categories: these are not‘tribes’. Most of the ‘Rwanda Genocide’ narrative is mythology relying on simplifications, stereotypes and reductionisms about Hutus and Tutsis as tribal savages. This stuff is right out of Tarzan movies.
Prior to the imperial occupation that began after 1890, ‘Tutsi’ kings ruled Ruanda-Urundi. ‘Tutsi’ cattle herders comprised some 20 percent of the population, ruling over the 80 percent ‘Hutu’ majority with egregious violence. First the Germans (to 1916) then the Belgians (to 1960) ruled ‘their’ colony by nurturing a ‘Tutsi’ power structure to exploit the ‘Hutu’ masses. The ‘Tutsi’ comprador class served the colonial occupation, where brutality, slavery and terrorism were used to keep the ‘Hutu’ masses in the fields. A ‘Tutsi’ could lose all his cattle and descend into the ranks of the peasant ‘Hutu’agriculturalists and, though far less likely, a ‘Hutu’ could gain cattle and join the Tutsi elites. The colonial fathers issued ID cards, measured noses and cranial dimensions, and duly clarified who be‘Hutu’ and who be ‘Tutsi’. There was, of course, much money to be made.
A Rwandan woman carries a Swiss family’s baby 09 April 1994 at Butare on the Rwanda-Burundi border where numerous foreigners were fleeing the civil clashes in Rwanda. (AFP Photo / Pascal Guyot)
Witnessing the global ‘Third World’ independence (sic) movements of the 1950s, and supported by the Belgian Catholic priests, the ‘Hutus’ in Rwanda overthrew the ‘Tutsi’ monarchy in the ‘revolution’ of 1959-1960. Some people died, some people fled, some people stayed, and the next 30 years saw majority ‘Hutu’ rule, with Rwanda under constant attack by elite ‘Tutsi’ guerrillas.
Noting the winds of change, Belgium quickly swapped their support to the Hutu majority, established a comprador class of ‘Hutu’ elites, and protected their interests. There was, of course, much money to be made. Thousands of elite ‘Tutsis’ connected to the former power structure fled to Uganda, Tanzania, Europe and North America.
At the height of the Cold War, the elite ‘Tutsi’ refugees (sic) influenced the Non-Aligned Movement – newly-independent (sic) states like Brazil, India, Malaysia, etc. – screaming bloody murder and “We are the victims of imperial aggression!” all the while. This is the falsified history of ‘Tutsis’ as ‘victims’inculcated by the arrogant elite ‘Tutsi’ rulers. These facts are key to the official narrative: Tutsis as victims, Hutus as oppressors.
Like any monarchy, the ‘Tutsi’ elites believe(d) they are God’s Chosen People, the Jews of Africa, the natural-born rulers over millions of Hutu (and Tutsi) peasants.
Adopted by the Non-Aligned Movement – funded, armed, trained outside Rwanda – the elite ‘Tutsi’guerrillas attacked Rwanda throughout the 1960s and early 1970s, sowing the most egregious terrorism, usually under cover of night. Every time the ‘Tutsi’ guerrillas attacked Rwanda – whether from outside during the 1960s or from inside during the 1990s – the in-country French-speaking‘Tutsis’ suffered reprisals. The ‘Tutsis as victims’ narrative continued to expand, and while the Hutus were blamed for atrocities, usually retaliatory, the ‘Tutsi’ were coddled and protected.
Guerrilla incursions involved bombings of cafes, nightclubs, bars, restaurants and buses. The very real suffering of the French-speaking ‘Tutsi’ people inside Rwanda – those who ‘stayed behind’ – was written off by the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF, a ‘Tutsi’ political party created in 1987 by the Tutsi refugee diaspora in Uganda, now the ruling party in Rwanda) as collateral damage. The English-speaking Ugandans, the elite ‘Tutsi’ refugees (sic), who had Ugandan citizenship and high posts in the Ugandan military, defined them as Hutu collaborators. The RPF didn’t care whether they lived or died.
The foreign element
Enter, by coup d’etat, the Hutu President Juvenal Habyarimana, who ruled Rwanda from 1973 to April 6, 1994, backed by France. Historically, France was to Africa what the United States was to Latin America. Britain and Portugal controlled a few protectorates, Belgium plundered the Congo and Ruanda-Urundi, but Francophone power in Africa was vast, deeply entrenched and militarily brutal.
Habyarimana ran a one-party dictatorship, but French-speaking Tutsis who stayed behind were able to achieve some economic status, though they were kept in check, given their small numbers. Of course, this wasn’t good enough for the elite ‘Tutsis’ outside Rwanda. The United States, Canada, Britain and Israel wanted more of the African pie, and Paul Kagame was the man to get it for them.
Rwandan refugees walk on the Byumba road as they flee from Kigali on May 11, 1994. (AFP Photo)
English-speaking ‘Tutsis’ who grew up in Uganda – Paul Kagame, James Kabarebe, Fred Rwigyema, Patrick Karegeya, Laurent Nkundabatware, and thousands of others – were the soldiers of Yoweri Museveni’s guerrilla army. They committed massive atrocities in Uganda, (1980-1985), where absolute terrorism was used to remove a socialist government run by an ungrateful Hutu. The victims in Uganda were also blamed for genocide, turning the truth upside-down. This is how Museveni and Kagame – his director of military intelligence – brought Uganda back in line with the geopolitical dictates of the West: aka disaster capitalism. There was, of course, a lot of money to be made.
They burned entire villages. The RPF deceived peasants into coming to meetings only to obliterate them coldly. The RPF even created crematoriums to ‘disappear’ the skeletons and skulls, until they realized the efficacy of the model of the Jewish Holocaust death camp memorials: pile up shoes, clothing, skeletons and skulls; create an industry whose currency is the moral outrage and psychological terror of ‘genocide’. And please do not be confused: nothing is more terrifying to the Western psyche. (Of course, the same ‘device’ was created and used by the Museveni terror apparatus in the Lowero Triangle of Uganda, but it was preceded by Cambodia, where Pol Pot was the preeminent demon of the day, and the carpet-bombing, napalm strikes, or terror operations like Project Phoenix are dismissed.)
Media war
The New York Times led the charge into Rwanda, and the Western media continued to beat the‘Tutsis as victims’ drum roll. There was, after all, a lot of money to be made. Wall Street vultures began drooling. Military and intelligence operatives like David Kimche (Israel) and Roger Winter (USA) jockeyed for position – organizing logistics, maintaining supply chains, arranging weapons shipments – to support ‘our’ man Kagame and our proxy guerrilla army, the RPF. The Washington Post, Boston Globe, CNN, the Observer all described the RPF guerrillas as a highly ‘disciplined’army: if any woman was raped or civilian massacred, it was an accident, a rogue soldier, and said soldier would be duly punished (of course, they never were).
Paul Kagame put into practice what his teachers, the military strategists at the US Army Command and Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas (USA), taught him: psychological operations and how to overthrow a country.
As the English-speaking ‘Tutsis’ marched into Rwanda they conscripted and lured ‘Tutsi’ youth to the‘freedom’ cause. These were young French-speaking Tutsis who were also subjected to Kagame’s ruthless modus operandi: many of them were tortured, killed, disappeared, but many survived the initiation into the RPF. Kagame and his elite Ugandan comrades didn’t trust Tutsis who had stayed behind, and they clearly sacrificed the French-speaking Tutsis of Rwanda for the cause of absolute military power.
Rwandan women and children are gathered 27 May 1994 at an International Red Cross center in Kabgayi. (AFP Photo)
While the power of the Rwandan Patriotic Army grew day by day, supplied from Uganda, funded by World Bank loans to Museveni, the Habyarimana government was attacked on all fronts, shackled with debt, weapons blockades, demonized by the international press, the humanitarians (sic) and world opinion.
Meanwhile, next door in Burundi, the elite ‘Tutsi’-dominated regime committed a genocide in 1972: some 200,000 to 300,000 mostly Hutu people were raped, tortured, and massacred, while hundreds of thousands more fled to neighboring countries, including Rwanda. The preeminent Africa scholar Rene Lemarchand describes this as a genocide ‘denied and forgotten’.
Instead of punishing the invading ‘Tutsi’ Ugandan forces, led by Kagame, the world punished the Habyarimana regime: political pluralism, multiparty elections, peace accords assuring power-sharing for the RPF: no diplomatic or political sacrifice was enough. Meanwhile, Kagame and the RPF grew in strength and numbers, better equipped, better trained, striking under cover of night like cockroaches – Inyenzi – the term that Tutsi guerrillas of the 1960s proudly self-identified with.
Just as Museveni had infiltrated, massacred and terrorized Uganda (1980-1985), the RPF infiltrated soldiers disguised as civilians into Hutu villages, Hutu political parties, even into Hutu youth groups organized to defend Rwanda from the invading terrorist guerrillas. While the RPF used the airwaves to terrorize the people, scapegoat and stereotype enemies real and perceived, and whip up fear of‘Hutu power’ – the same kinds of nasty propaganda, often sexualized, used by the Kagame regime to demonize its detractors from the West even today – we only even hear about ‘Hutu power’ hate radio.
April 6, 1994, President Habyarimana, his chief of staff, the president of Burundi, the French pilots – all murdered over Kigali in the surface-to-air missile attack on the presidential jet. Here is another pivotal world event that should be commemorated and remembered: the RPF assassination of two presidents.
The Western media soon began describing this terrorist action as ‘a mysterious plane crash’ and, using the now-entrenched upside-down narrative that defined ‘Tutsis’ the victims and ‘Hutus’ as killers, the double-presidential assassinations were blamed on Hutu ‘extremists’.
The United States blocked every attempt to investigate the ‘plane crash’ and the International Criminal Tribunal on Rwanda (ICTR) suppressed any evidence that emerged, even removing officials who touched the truth too closely. Kagame, all the while was crying crocodile tears, screaming “We are the victims of genocide,” confronting the West with its blatant ‘moral failure’ to abide the slogan ‘never again’.
Real Hutu extremists
What is a Hutu extremist? According to the official mythology, a ‘Hutu extremist’ is a Hutu who ruthlessly and coldly set out to wipe every Tutsi off the face of the earth. In reality, a Hutu ‘extremist’ was any Hutu who saw total war coming at the hands of their erstwhile elite Tutsi oppressors. A Hutu ‘extremist’ was someone who understood only too well that the elite ‘Tutsis’ invading from Uganda, the elite ‘Tutsis’ massacring thousands of people, the elite ‘Tutsis’ (read RPF) infiltrating of social, economic, military and political institutions in Rwanda, the elite ‘Tutsi’ Inyenzi bombings of public places and their assassinations of countless political figures and pesky Rwandan journalists, or the elite ‘Tutsis’ slaughtering of thousands of innocent Hutu men, women and children and wiping entire Hutu villages off the map, that these were very real certainties that Hutu’s had a right and necessity to defend themselves against.
What is a Hutu ‘moderate’? Any Hutu who believed that the RPF offered a democratic alternative to one-party dictatorship, that Paul Kagame was sincere in his proclamations of political pluralism, freedom and brotherhood. These were empty promises.
Rwandan Tutsi refugee camp pictured on April 30, 1994, in Niashishi, in south Rwanda, where more than eight thousands Tutsi are gathered under the protection of French soldiers. (AFP Photo / Pascal Guyot)
The genocide of the majority Hutu people, launched October 1, 1990, proceeded unabated during the RPF march to power in Rwanda, and it was even more clearly executed during the RPF hunting and slaughtering of hundreds of thousands of innocent men, women and children – mostly Hutus – in the Congo. These were organized campaigns of genocide, with intent to rape, murder and disappear Hutu people because they were Hutu people, and the perpetrators were the elite ‘Tutsis’ from Uganda.
No such planning or organization of genocidal intent has been proven against the Hutu government of Juvenal Habyarimana – which, in any case, was decapitated on April 6, 1994 – or against the Interim Hutu government that briefly held sway after April 6, 1994, and the judges at the ICTR have found as such. There were indeed hundreds of thousands of French-speaking Tutsis raped, brutalized and massacred in what amount to very real acts of genocide in Rwanda, and these occurred over the now sacred ‘100 days of genocide’. But there were also hundreds of thousands of Hutus killed, and far more Hutu than Tutsi.
Hutu lands were cleared of their owners, taken by foreign ‘Tutsi’ who flooded in on the heels of the RPF. And by the way, practically everyone in Rwanda owns a machete; there were massive imports in January of 1994, by a British citizen; purchases of machetes occurred using World Bank funds, for agricultural use, not for an evil genocide conspiracy. Anyway, the RPF routinely killed people with machetes, to save on bullets, and disguise the perpetrators.
And today, terror reigns silently in Rwanda.
Facts don’t seem to matter however, because Western hysteria has been whipped up by the media, the Pentagon, the intelligence sector, and by the Kagame regime. The Western psyche has been indoctrinated to believe exactly what Kagame and his benefactors want us to believe. We stood by, we did nothing, we should have stopped ‘the genocide’.
Nothing could be further from the truth.
There was a coup d’etat in Rwanda. The victors, the oppressors, the killers have been applauded, shielded, and/or hidden from the eyes of the world. A proxy army of elite ‘Tutsis’ murdered with abandon in Burundi, Uganda, Rwanda, and Congo, where they are still murdering with abandon.
The real coup d’etat has been the brainwashing of the Western mind and psyche, transforming rational discerning individuals into hysterical self-congratulatory humanitarians (sic), unable to separate truth from lie, and certain of their conclusions, no matter how erroneous. Just show them a machete, or a skull, or a weeping ‘Tutsi’ ‘survivor’ of ‘genocide’ and you can count on their compliance in commemorating the anniversary of ‘Genocide’ in Rwanda, and bowing at the feet of Paul Kagame. There is, of course, much money to be made.
Keith Harmon Snow, for RT
Keith Harmon Snow is a war correspondent and photographer who has worked in 16 African countries, including conflict areas in Congo, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda and Sudan. A former genocide and war crimes investigator for Genocide Watch, Survivor’s Rights International and the United Nations, who has worked at the International Criminal Tribunal on Rwanda, testified at numerous US immigration asylum hearings for Rwandan and Congolese refugees and testified at the Audiencia Nacionale in Madrid, Spain, in support of the war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide indictments issued against the top 40 Rwandan Patriotic Front officers. He is persona non grata in Rwanda and Ethiopia.
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2) Here is the origina article, with some photograps.
Rwanda: How Habyarimana and the genocide perpetrators were financed
|
Starting on 7 April 1994, in less than three months,
nearly one million Rwandans – the exact figure has not yet been determined -
were exterminated because they were (or supposed to be) Tutsis. Tens of
thousands of moderate Hutus were also slaughtered. This was indeed a
genocide, that is, the deliberate destruction of an entire community through
mass murder in the aim of preventing their biological and social
reproduction.
In this context, it is
crucial to investigate the role played by international financial
institutions. Everything we know leads us to believe that the policies
imposed by these institutions, the main financial backers of General Juvénal
Habyarimana’s dictatorial regime accelerated the process resulting in the
genocide. In general, the negative impact of these policies is not taken into
consideration to explain the tragic unfolding of the Rwandan crisis. Only a
few authors highlight the responsibilities of the Bretton Woods
institutions |1|, which have
rejected any kind of responsibility.
At the beginning of the
1980s, when the debt crisis exploded in the Third World, Rwanda (like its
neighbour Burundi) had very little debt. Whereas in other parts of the world,
the World Bank and IMF were abandoning their go-go loan policy and preaching
abstinence, they adopted a very different attitude with respect to Rwanda to
which they granted major loans. Between 1976 and 1994, there was a
twenty-fold increase in Rwanda’s external debt. In 1976, it amounted to $49
million, while it was nearly $1 billion in 1994, increasing especially
rapidly as of 1982. Its principal creditors were the IFIs or International
Financial Institutions — the World Bank, the IMF, and similar institutions,
and the WB and the IMF played the most active role in this debt process. In
1995, IFIs held 84% of Rwanda’s external debt.
The dictatorship in place
since 1973 guaranteed that there would be no progressive structural changes
in the country. That explains why it was actively supported by Western powers
such as Belgium, France, and Switzerland. In addition, it could be a rampart
against the countries in the region that were still mulling over thoughts of
independence and progressive change (for instance, neighbouring Tanzania
where there was the progressive President Julius Nyerere, one of the African
leaders in the Non-Aligned Movement).
Throughout the 1980s and up
until 1994, Rwanda received many loans, but the dictator Habyarimana
embezzled much of them. The loans granted were supposed to be used to better
integrate Rwanda’s economy into the world economy by developing its
capacities to export coffee, tea, and tin (its three main export products),
which was detrimental to the crops cultivated there to satisfy local needs.
This model worked until the middle of the 1980s, when the price of tin, then
that of coffee, and finally tea, collapsed. Rwanda, for which coffee was the
main source of hard currency, was hit hard by the breaking up of the coffee
cartel at the beginning of the 1990s by the United States.
Using international loans to
prepare for the genocide
Only a few weeks before the
Patriotic Front of Rwanda launched its offensive in October 1990, the
government of Rwanda signed an agreement with the IMF and the WB in
Washington to implement structural adjustment measures.
When they were implemented
in November 1990, the Rwandan currency dropped by 67%. By way of
compensation, the IMF granted strong currency loans for quick disbursement so
that the country could keep importing goods. The funds were used to
artificially improve the balance of payments. The prices of imported goods
skyrocketed: for instance, the price of petrol went up by 79%. Selling
imported goods on the domestic market made it possible for the government to
pay the army’s wages, and the number of recruits increased in staggering
proportions. The structural adjustment measures included a decrease in public
spending, wages were frozen, and there were massive layoffs in the civil
service, but part of the savings were used for the army.
Whereas the prices of
imported goods increased, the price at which producers could sell coffee was
frozen, as imposed by the IMF. As a result, hundreds of thousands of small
coffee producers went bankrupt |2|, and together
with the most deprived layers of city dwellers they became a permanent supply
of soldiers for Interahamwe and army recruiters.
The following measures were
among the ones the WB and IMF imposed in Rwanda: an increase in consumption
taxes and a decrease in corporate taxes, an increase in direct taxes on
low-income families through a reduction of fiscal advantages for large
families, and restrictions on credit facilities to farmers.
To account for its use of
loans from the IMF/WB, Rwanda was allowed to submit old invoices for imported
goods. This practice made it possible for the government to pay for the
massive purchase of weapons intended for the genocide. Military expenses
increased three-fold between 1990 and 1992 |3|. Over this
period of time, the WB and the IMF sent out several missions of experts, who
highlighted the positive consequences of the austerity policies enforced by
Habyarimana, yet threatened to discontinue payments if military expenses
increased further. The Rwandan government then used various ploys to conceal
military expenses: Lorries bought for the army were accounted for in the
budget of the transport ministry, a significant portion of the petrol used in
the army or militia vehicles was part of the budget for the ministry of
health. The WB and the IMF eventually stopped providing financial support in
early 1993, but they did not expose the existence of bank accounts the
Rwandan government had in foreign banks on which there were substantial
amounts of money still available to buy more weapons. It can be said that they
failed in their duty to control the use of the funds loaned. They should have
stopped their loans in early 1992 when they learned the money was being used
to buy weapons. They should have warned the UN at once. As they went on
supplying support until 1993, they helped a government that was preparing a
genocide. As early as 1991, human rights organisations had tried to draw
international attention to the massacres that paved the way for the genocide.
The World Bank and the IMF systematically supported a dictatorial regime,
with the help of the US, France, and Belgium.
Exacerbated social
contradictions
For the genocidal project to
be achieved, more than just a government was needed to devise it and acquire
the necessary tools; the people also had to be impoverished and driven to a
level of desperation at which they were ready to do anything. 90% of the
population in Rwanda was living in the countryside, and 20% of farm families
owned an acre or less. From 1982 to 1994, most of the farming population fell
into poverty, while a few others at the other end of the social spectrum were
accumulating a huge amount of wealth. Professor Jef Maton states that in 1982
the richest 10% of the population made 20% of rural income; in 1992 they had
grabbed 41%, in 1993 45%, and in early 1994 51% |4|. The disastrous social consequences of the IMF and
WB enforced policies combined with the plummeting price of coffee (itself a
consequence of policies applied by the Bretton Woods institutions, and the US
doing away with the cartel of coffee producers at that time) played a key
role in the Rwanda crisis. Habyarimana’s regime exploited the widespread
social discontent to carry out the genocide.
Notes
|1| Chossudovsky, Michel et al. 1995. « Rwanda,
Somalie, ex Yougoslavie : conflits armés, génocide économique et
responsabilités des institutions de Bretton Woods » (Rwanda, Somalia,
ex-Yugoslavia: armed conflicts, economic genocide, and the responsability of
Bretton Woods institutions); Chossudovsky, Michel and Galand, Pierre,
« Le Génocide de 1994, L’usage de la dette extérieure du Rwanda
(1990-1994). La responsabilité des bailleurs de fonds » (The Genocide of
1994. The use of Rwanda’s external debt (1990-1994). The responsability of
financial institutions), Ottawa and Brussels, 1996. See also: Duterme, Renaud
Rwanda : une histoire volée (Rwanda: a stolen history), Co-edition
Tribord and CADTM, 2013http://cadtm.org/Rwanda-une-histoir...
|2| Maton, Jef. 1994. Développement économique et
social au Rwanda entre 1980 et 1993. Le dixième décile en face de
l’apocalypse. (Economic and Social Development in Rwanda between 1980 and
1999.)
|3| Nduhungirehe, Marie-Chantal. 1995. Les Programmes
d’ajustement structurel. Spécificité et application au cas du
Rwanda.(Structural Adjustment Programmes: Specificities and Application to
the Case of Rwanda.)
|4| Maton, Jef. 1994. Ibid.
|
